The Citadel of Qaitbay, also known as Fort Julien, is a 15th-century fortress in Rosetta built by Mamluk Sultan Qayetbay on the western bank of the Nile River. Constructed of Rosetta stone and red brick with circular granite piers reinforcing its ramparts, the citadel was built to defend northern Egypt against Ottoman expansion. The fortress achieved historical significance as the location where the Rosetta Stone was discovered in 1799, a pivotal artifact for deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphics. It includes a mosque within its walls and represents a key example of Mamluk military architecture in medieval Egypt.
